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I have a site where I can pick up where my hits came from. So if somebody clicks from another website link to visit my website, I will then pick up from which website they came from and also which page they landed on. Will google penalize me for this and see this as paid advertising?

Is link exchange always bad? What if I want to add a link for other related products on my site which I do not offer, and the other site does the same for me? Will it be better to rather an article for each other product and link to somebody, than have one page with a list of other products to other sites. For example. We do training. Lets say we offer computer training. We search companies that does health and safety training offer to put their course on our site with a link to them, if they do the same.

I saw articles that said affiliate link building is not good. We are a training company that offer only some training programs. My idea is get other training company to link back to us, but only if they do not offer the same training as we do. We could reward them by giving them commission if the sale happens. But to do this we will need to track the URL where the hit came in from from our website. Is this a good idea or not?