Zack, thank you for sending the screenshots and providing additional information. The MozBar is showing a domain authority of 98 because it is still part of tumblr.com, which all sites on tumblr will also have. The snipet of code is linking to an image (which appears to be broken or not loading for some reason). You can see this from the "https://seo-kansas-city.tumblr.com/, and the code looks similar for the links on the image posts. (not showing "nofollow" or Javascript redirect).
These links are not showing up in my Moz Pro campaign tracking or Open Site Explorer either, but that does not mean they are not being seen or giving any value to Google. If you ran a backlink analysis through Ahrefs, Open Site Explorer, Majestic and SEMrush, you will usually get 4 different numbers for both total backlinks and linking domains unfortunately.
What I came to the conclusion of for myself as an answer is that this can have SEO value through images with links, but it will not be a silver bullet. I am also yet to see a Tumblr domain link show up from any of the backlink analysis tools I mentioned, although the coding looks like it is "dofollow". I would love for Takeshi Young or a Mozzer to jump in on this if possible.