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Not in any tool. I saw it on Google SERP

I see it on the 4th result. Using Chrome in India. Take note that the results may vary with location and browser.

Yes. Absolutely correct. You should never index tag pages. These may be targeted but are of low quality with not much quality content. Moreover, they may have more keyword density than what you should have for a page to rank.

Most of the times images are already in the index. Do a quick search on "images.google.com" with "site:yoursite.com"

See if you get results from your website.

I will check every website which links to me, then ask the people with bad/duplicate content to add a nofollow link.

You can take the help of Facebook ads

I have an article on that here. An extension for firefox called Dust-Me selectors can help you identify unused CSS on multiple pages. It tracks all the pages you visit of a website and tracks classes and ids which were never used. Moreover, you can also give it a sitemap and it will figure out the CSS which was never used.

I don't believe local listing can hurt a website. It's just the changes in Google algorithm that are playing with websites. My website too got affected in November reducing my search appearance to 1/8th. But now it has recovered a bit.

Can't we use rel=canonical in this case?

Yes, earlier it was possible, but not now. And you don't have to appeal for reconsideration if you have not received a message for manual spam from Google.

Yes there is no error at all. Moreover, try to use the schema.org's markup instead of using Markup Validator in Google.

The best part of adding the noindex tag is hiding the pagination pages from the search engine's search index, which will make only the highest quality pages available in the search results. This gives a signal of your website being a better one with good content. The CTR rate will be higher too.

Links from good quality websites that are related to your own website are always the best ones. Try to get more links from within the content of the page and not from the comments section. Comments section is not all bad, but the content part is better and the links will most likely have keywords in the anchor tag.

The thing you did is very appropriate. As mentioned by Oleg Korneitchouk, you must nofollow all those links too.

I have the exactly same problems like you with Moz ereports. But after some research, I found out that the main problem here is that Moz is talking about the duplicate title tag and description (if you show on category and other pages).

Passing page juice to sources is a good idea in most cases. Moreover, if you are linking to websites with good quality and unique content, you must pass the page juice for sure.

I have a plugin that automatically adds rel="nofollow" to anchor tags that link to external websites. Now I want to make a particular link to override that nofollow tag and pass the page juice to it. How should I go about it? Will adding rel="follow" help?