Site age? Incoming links? Did you submit the website to even Google?

Does it list at all? Like page 2 or 3 etc? If thats the case, i'd suggest inspecting your incoming link profile and adjust links accordingly. It might be considered spammy.

Wait for a while. Or place a backlink here and there in order to get the crawler on top of it a bit faster. It's not Google.

Create content thats relevant for the users outside of canada.

Ive posted this before, but, the use of H1/H2/H3 compared to only use of H1 or H2 dont matter really that much. We had a very well running website, 1500 clicks a day or so, we had a argument on the use of only H2 and if we switched that to H1/H2/H3 / correct paragraphs if it would change any. So we did, and 6 months later, not really a change.

I kind of have the feeling that description and the way you publish your content in relation of H1/H2/H3 tags are kind of ignored by google these days, as google pretty much decides now on how to display your relevancy in search. So just make sure the content is OK, and your good really. Dont hurt tho to have things put up correctly.

You could use Cloudflare, free version. It's a CDN which offers a nearby server location in the USA.

Structure like a theme dont change the content, so yes you can safely change that. The URL's will remain the same as well so that shoud'nt cause an issue at all.

No that's content. Adding a page is extending your site structure.

The string 'get_bloginfo('description')' spawns the blog description stored in wordpress under settings. But that shoud'nt cause issues with different setup descriptions per page while using a SEO plugin on wordpress. It's more of a theme issue i think because normally that shoud'nt happen.

I woud'nt worry alot about it either; google tends to ignore the description sometimes too and focusses on the actual content on page.

1: If done right and google picks it up as it should you should see some gains for just updating your website.

2: you only have to submit a sitemap if you made physical changes to your website structure and pages, meaning that if you have'nt changed any of that you dont need to. A sitemap is just an index on how your website related to pages looks like.

3: See answer one.

For a link to be indexed, it needs to be found first. Moz and Google are not the same. And they dont really share their data, as google is sometimes less consistent in the found links compared to Moz or a hrefs. New websites take some time, perhaps up to 4 weeks before you anything at all. Have patience.

Yes and by removing that shortcode you completely remove the description from the blog. But a description is'nt something google takes into account alot now these days. It can actively read the content on your website or page, and align that within search. I mean i have sites that are completely ignored due to the description tag.

It's like meta name keywords all over again.

@Naturalsociety, if you switch the theme to something temporarily, does it appear back again? If so; you have a theme issue.