Well if you think the brand exposure TSC has that catapults them to top rankings.  If you a small retailer selling Horse Stall Mats with zero brand it will be an uphill battle.  However I have found the amount of on page content plays a minimal role to the overall ranking factor.  The biggest factors would be to have great branded links that pertain to your business, Social Media Presence with high engagement, and useful evergreen content on your site for people.

It looks like you have decent rankings for that keyterm. With out going to involved it looks like a little push from links to that page and work on your social media engagement since that's really lacking.

Shawn is correct. Domian tools will give you a great history plus info on the current owners other domains.

That would be achieved with content marketing.  Better known as "Guest Blog Posting" Your gonna have a lot more reading to do.  The great part is knowledge is power when it comes to marketing.

If you have not read this yet MOZ SEO GUIDE do so as it will get you on the right path. Heck even if you have read it do it again for a nice refresher as this get updated.

Read These on Guest Blog Post
http://moz.com/blog/12-scalable-link-building-tactics http://moz.com/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-advanced-guest-blogging

Certainly! Here is a great read on content length. But again Quality will be the biggest factor.

http://www.quicksprout.com/2012/12/20/the-science-behind-long-copy-how-more-content-increases-rankings-and-conversions/

Still around 700+ There is really not a formula as pages with 300 words rank very well.