Hi Daniel,
Disclaimer: I'm not a data scientist and can't speak to the mathematically specifics of how much "juice" a particular link will pass in terms of Moz Metrics (Domain Authorithy, Page Authority, MozTrust) but I can tell you the answer depends on several variables, including but not limited to:
- Specific authority metrics of the linking page
- Number of links on the page
And from Google's point of view especially, factors such as the position of the link on the page, relevance of the page/domain and anchor text are just a few considerations at play.
In fact, beyond the pure mathematically calculations, there are literally dozens of factors that determine the value of link. For a good introduction to the subject, one of my all-time favorite blog posts was written by my boss Rand:
http://moz.com/blog/10-illustrations-on-search-engines-valuation-of-links
Hope this helps!