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Sorry to hear about that. A few things to consider when you're choosing your server location is that if you are targeting to Uruguay, the server should probably be physically sitting in Uruguay (with clean IP).

I would say that it would be necessary to fetch/submit after the problems have been corrected. Things like this happen, all the time - to everyone, even the best. If you lost ranking - you'll get them back in no time just continue to produce good quality and you'll be fine

There's no quick route for SEO. Work slow, and do your work properly. I think that ipositions' suggesting is by far the best one - look-up contact details, contact them and request to remove the link. Patience helps

Because they can