Greetings Champion!
Cannonical Linking is the best way to go!
For your conundrum in Example B with the Calvin Green I would find out which URL version is dominant or has the most link juice and structure the redirects to that links. For instance, let us say [http://www.expressgolf.co.uk/shop/clothing/galvin-green/] is the dominant link I would have the copy urls pointing back to that one like so
I manage an Ecommerce Site as well, I had the same issue with the categories and what I basically did the same thing for each level of my site, categories that have the url ending in /1, /2, /3 and so on I would redirect to the first page to make that Url stronger.
Practically think about what Noindexing or Nofollowing would do, you would lose so much link power that you could harness, With redirects you can focus this power in a more effective manner.
Also I was snooping and clicked Golf Clubs which took me to this URL
expressgolf.co .uk/shop/clubs
Made me realize that you had "clubs" at the end, I would put Golf Clubs because when you do a keyword search for Clubs, Bars come up. Putting a Keyword in the URL can greatly enhance that URL. Just a tip if you want to utilize it or not friend ^.^.
Good luck on your quest for Page 1!
Justin Smith