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If your duplicate pages are behind a log-in you will be fine as content behind it cannot be seen by search engines. You should also block your logged in pages using your robots.txt.

You should not lose historic data but re-linking the account with your credentials should fix any problems that you are having.

There are a few things you will want to check.

Make sure that the account that linked the GWT and GA has not changed (such as an agency account did it then left) because the owner of the GWT account determines the verification code.

See if they updated their Google Analytics to Universal, if they have the wrong code/combination it can cause problems.  Also with using the GA code to authenticate, make sure that it is placed in the right place (you can use Tag Assistant browser plug in from Google).

As for why it went away, Google will periodically check the authentication to make sure it is still there in case ownership changes, so it is not odd after site changes for this to occur.

The answer for this is pretty simple, both tools are not the same nor do they look at the same data. While both tools are part of Google, they each interact with search differently and measure impressions in different ways (such as how image search is measured, map searches etc.) I do not try and draw direct comparison between the two tools, use them independently for their niche and you will be fine.

Unfortunately, you cannot from Google traffic. Ever since Google stopped giving search terms for secure searches (any time a person is logged into any Google property) directly linking keywords to performance has gone away.  The closest you can do is link landing pages to conversions and then see what keywords are driving to those pages.  While it is not perfect, it works well enough to make marketing and keyword decisions.

They could be using it to track what keywords are being used, it is a poor choice as linking GA to Adwords is a better option, or using {keyword} to get the actual keyword used instead of hard coding in each and every url from Adwords. They might have a system in place that needs that, but from both a toll perspective and and SEO perspective there is no beneficial reason to do that in my opinion.

I think you are more spot on with your 2nd option, creating content worth linking to is the best way to get real, quality links.

Yes you can, make sure that you don't just add it into the button but you use an onclick command to call a script that will run and place the code onto the page.  Be careful because if you do it this way it will send a conversion on the button click even if it does not lead to the proper conversion (such as if you placed it on a form submit button but the user had not completely filled out the form).

Most likely they are if the situation you described is how they have gained their links.

Best practice you should put the canonical tag onto the main page as well as the other pages.

SEO is not all back links, content is king, traffic is important and on-page problems can drag you down.  Instead of worrying about rank and back links you should work on a content strategy, make sure what you control is optimized (fast page load, no huge errors, proper meta etc.) and work toward small, sustainable incremental gains.  If your competition is using bad tactics it will catch up with them, you can grow your position now and be primed to take over when Google catches them.

While they as a whole have high page authority, when you create a sub domain blog on them, it does not get the same.  You should worry about creating good content on your site instead of making free blogs to put content onto to then push to your site.  Your best bet would be to set up a blog onto your website so that you can have new, relevant content being consistently added to your site.

I would not try to sell this anymore, the times have changed and unless those directories are driving conversions I would avoid them, paid directories have no place in SEO according to Google.

Then the answer is no, do not worry about keyword/content optimizing pages that you do not want ranking.

If those pages are being created due to those being tag options you should try deleting the tag to see if it stops wordpress from generating the page.

You should make sure from a technical and a user experience perspective that your entire site is optimized while your specific pages are also content optimized for the key words and phrases that you are working toward.

You could, but I would not.  Using the canonical tag is telling the search engine that the pages are the same, such as using it on landing pages that may have additional dynamically generated additions to the URL to make sure that Google knows which is the original page.  For your site, each of your events is a separate thing, and how would you choose which event you made the main?  From an UX standpoint you could be driving people who searched for one event on a specific date to either the wrong date or wrong event all together, this would lead to unhappy visitors and a lower ranking of the page or your site as people pogo-ing from your site increased.

Google does not penalize for duplicate content. https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/66359?hl=en

That being said, these page's won't really be accessible from a search engine because Google will see them all as the same.  For map event pages I personally would have them not indexed and create a series of landing pages with links off to the different event times so that you can get organic traffic looking for those events in general and then funnel them to the signup pages.

You will be fine with redirects, also remember that Google has said that duplicate content is not an issue as long as it is not malicious.

https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/66359?hl=en

I would not risk it unless you are shutting down website B completely, otherwise you can beef up your content on site A or your ability to convert on site B.

I would be very leery about redirecting across domain for just some pages while leaving others, it seems like this practice could easily be viewed as negative by Google.

If you are moving down consistently then it is most likely not all of your competition suddenly started to work for that keyword.  How to fix your site is complex but you should start with looking at the page that was receiving the traffic and check for changes that were made recently, make sure that you are following best practices for your content and technical pieces.  You should also check your back links as recently many people who had used certain link building tactics have seen decreases as Google updates.

They could have the SSL for transactions.  It was very common a few years ago (and many sites still do this) to have a site be http: and then once you start into their transaction funnel (such as a purchase) to switch over to https:

That is pretty odd that you are not getting traffic from Bing and Yahoo, as general SEO work for Google should also effect other search engines.  The first thing you should do is make sure that your site has been submitted to both and they have the location of your sitemap and robots.

Moz will look at your site and pick keywords based on your content.  If you are looking at researching new keywords I like using http://ubersuggest.org/ to get additional keyword suggestions.

Combining them will help your Family Law side.  You can then create distinct landing pages for each type of law the firm practices instead of just having a generic home page for both, that way you can give a better user experience and better target specific keywords which I will assume are pretty different from the two law types.

Look into using Google Tag Manager, then you can set up events based on specific rules, such as the video play click or light box opening button. While it takes a bit of time to get used to and learn the system, it is very simple once you understand how it works and you can do this plus any additional conversion tags for advertising without having to get a developer involved.

http://www.google.com/tagmanager/

I see where you are coming from, and I do not have a good answer then, when I did a lowercase redirect I started by creating the new lowercase pages then setting canonical to them.  After a few months I removed the uppercase versions and redirected them to the new lowercase.

Another quick fix would be to use a canonical tag on all of your pages pointing to the full lowercase versions.

So for the URLs example.com/UPPER; example.com/Upper; and example.com/upper you would place the following into the head so Google knows that these are just variations of the same page, and if will point search to the desired page example.com/upper

https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/139066?hl=en

So you are asking on Moz if you should steal content from Moz then not credit them to increase your search ranking, and then your concern is not if what you are doing is wrong (it is) but only if Google will penalize you for it?  I believe that if you want content for your site you should make it or pay for it, not steal it, if you write optimized content then maybe people would expect copy on your site to be written by you.

Yes all of those can negatively effect your ranking.

Unless you have a way of marrying the conversion to a specific visit, then now. If you do have specific information (like dynamically generated phone numbers) you can use the Data import feature.

https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/config/mgmt/v3/mgmtDataImport

With the new version of Google Analytics and GTM, you no longer code referral exclusions into the ga.js, instead you should be excluding them in the admin section.

https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/upgrade/reference/gtm

You can also solve this by making the account and log in sections not crawled in your robots.txt.

There should be no issue as long as you do everything that you have planned.

If you are filtering out your office I.P. it should be blocking all traffic from that I.P. Make sure that you are looking at your stored data and not your live analytics as sometimes new filters do not immediately register for the live data.

You do not need to use any special code like that, all you need to do is make sure that the basic Google Analytics code is located on all pages on your site.  The one thing I do recommend doing is updating to use Google's newest tracking code, which should look like this:

You could create a segment for just traffic from that campaign (based on your utm_campaign) and make sure that generating the lead is set up as a goal. From there you can go to the Conversion -> Goals -> Goal Urls and see which of your product pages have conversions.

Segment Building:  https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/3124493?hl=en

Goal Set up:  https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/1032415?hl=en