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If you are open to manage your own hosting , Digital ocean allows you to locate your server at different locations around world. They provide the raw VPS, you need to install your own server etc.

I recently faced similar situation (but not to the extend as yours). It could be panda or something else.

First segment the traffic.  Try by source/channels if one source is worse than other. Try location. Is one source is worse than other. Try Type of customers. You get to a place where instead of saying you loosing the traffic, you would be able to say this source, this traffic, this location is having the most impact. It is easier to find when there is sharp drop,

Btw I faced a big drop on Sept 29 on multiple sites. Did you see around same time?

Most of the SEO suggestions (great quality content, long form content, engagement rate/time on the page, authority inbound links ) apply to content oriented site.

But what should you do if you are an aggregator or a resource directory?  You aim is to send the user faster to other site they are looking for or provide ranking about the resources. In fact at a very basic level you are competing for search engine traffic because they are doing same things. You may have done a hand crafted, human created resource that is better than what algorithms are showing.  And your site  likely to have lot more outgoing links than content. You know you are better (or getting better) since repeat visitors keep coming back.

So in these days of Search engines, what a resource directory or aggregator site do to rank? Because even directories need first time visitors till they start coming back again.

Moz spam score should be looked as guidance and not a last word. I had some legitimate sites directories shown as spam as directories tend to have lot more outgoing links then the content on the page. And I would have lost , lots of traffic and link juice I would be getting if I consider spam. And some of the sites are high domain authority and really good research resources.

I do not agree anything above score 14 is "definitely" spam. But it is "likely" spam

I think the  second link is showing as duplicate because the page has exact same title. I did face similar issue and I added "Page=n" to the title using the software. This may or may not be possible in the software you have but essentially the links are not showing the same pages and so there title should be different.

Not sure what exactly outcome you want to have. But I think whatever benefit you will get, won't last long.

If the Website B has a higher DA you are likely get a better benefit from a subdomain.  The redirection benefit will flow to website B since it is ultimate destination. But it has higher DA anyway so you are not getting benefit to website A

It depends on the niche, competition, Quality and frequency of content and also the language. I have been able to rank a site as less as 4 weeks. But Again I could not do scalably across languages and niches.

Unique Quality of content and frequency of publishing goes long way

How do you know their backlinks number is correct? If you are getting that from moz  (or some other tools) that number could be wrong and much smaller than the actual number is. Only Google knows the tru backlink number.

I manage a website which shows way less than number of backlinks in Moz than the actual links shown by google. I am suspecting same may be happening here.

From what I understand (and experienced) There are two separate indices one for desktop and one for mobile.

So the changes you make for each version of the site will go to respective indices and query on each platform will be shown accordingly.  Inside Google Webmaster tool, when you ask google bot to "fetch" there are two separate options. There used to be a time when one of my site used to rank higher on Desktop search but lower on mobile search for same keyword.

So  even though some of the signals may be common, there is a good flexibility is their system to rank sites differently if the format signals are way diverge.

There are multiple online tools which provides this service.Try the URL yourself.

Moz seems to be behind in updating  its index or data. I have fixed similar issue and did 301 redirect a month ago buit moz still complains. So you are not alone.

One such a tool I found is https://monitorbacklinks.com/seo-tools/http-header-status-check

At a fundamental level, you are keeping the data somewhere and it is rendered correctly. In a CMS this data is stored in a database completely outside search engine view. So it does not matter if it is in database or in physical directory somehow. So there is no benefit in keeping the structure same physically.

Having said that and my own experience (we manage website with millions of pages) managing this using HTACCESS script is NOT a good idea. You will be limited by what you can do and maintaining will be quite challenging.

I strongly suggest consider moving to a CMS (like drupal) and store all you content inside a database and the CMS script takes care of HTACCESS plus gives other goodies. There are several tool available to get your content from disk into a database.

Not sure what exactly outcome you want to have. But I think whatever benefit you will get, won't last long.

If the Website B has a higher DA you are likely get a better benefit from a subdomain.  The redirection benefit will flow to website B since it is ultimate destination. But it has higher DA anyway so you are not getting benefit to website A

If you are open to manage your own hosting , Digital ocean allows you to locate your server at different locations around world. They provide the raw VPS, you need to install your own server etc.

There are multiple online tools which provides this service.Try the URL yourself.

Moz seems to be behind in updating  its index or data. I have fixed similar issue and did 301 redirect a month ago buit moz still complains. So you are not alone.

One such a tool I found is https://monitorbacklinks.com/seo-tools/http-header-status-check

1. I would first directly go to deep pages and see from the source code, the GA code is indeed called.  Another way to check this (and many other erros) is to install google analytics debug plugin from chrome and visit that page enabling the plugin. The plugin shows on the javascript console if it is sending data to GA correctly and some other script is not exploding before GA data is sent.

2. How do you know for sure the other pages got visit? One way to check is visit those yourself and then see in GA if those visits show up. Those are in behavior->content

Hope this helps.

1. Create original  content.  Have some unique perspective. There is no substitute. Original is important than "amazing" as what is "amazing" is different to different audience. And if more people are sharing your content who cares if that was amazing to you or your company.
2. Timing: One of single most overlooked factor.  If you try creating/seeding content different time, different days you will see which days/time work for you. To run a test we shared same content, same network but at different times., The difference can be huge. We have seen swings of 1200%  based on time.
3. It gets better as you get some traction. social proof networking effects clearly helps as you get more shares.
4. Don't try to create content for the planet. Identify a niche audience initially and target them

From what I understand (and experienced) There are two separate indices one for desktop and one for mobile.

So the changes you make for each version of the site will go to respective indices and query on each platform will be shown accordingly.  Inside Google Webmaster tool, when you ask google bot to "fetch" there are two separate options. There used to be a time when one of my site used to rank higher on Desktop search but lower on mobile search for same keyword.

So  even though some of the signals may be common, there is a good flexibility is their system to rank sites differently if the format signals are way diverge.

1. I absolutely think having additional facebook likes increases both trust and conversion.  Social proof as a marketing enhancer has been working for mankind long before online social media came into picture. I have seen it is working in steps (jumps). Having X+10, X+20 may not help by y=X+1000 suddenly helps (1000 is used as example and it would be different for different domains). Once you reach Y, y+10, Y+20 does not help till you goto say z=y+5000

2. However buying on fiverr does not help.  They way I would suggest is to use official facebook boost for pages and posts. Try various combination of targetting etc to see what works for you. Now it is very possible , as you explore this your brand getting more visible to target audience and that is why conversion increases. but it does definitely help.

3. The very first 50 fans are most toughest to get for any page. Specially if you can't ask friends or employees to like a page. In that case you would want to try fiverr till get first 50. Because first 50 are anyway not real "fans" but from employees or wellwishers etc who does not add any value to conversion. Once you get the minimum , you can goto step 2 above. Going to step 2) directly with 0 fans, is very costly.