My personal opinion would be to link your Google Business page to the home page of your site and then the corresponding location pages to their respective pages on your site. There is no such thing as too many links from Google to your site.

It generally looks a lot better the the engines if everything you do ties together and does so appropriately. I don't think it's the best idea to take a general page and point that to specific locations if each location has a corresponding Google page.

Wherever you have duplicate content you should try to minimize the effects, usually with canonical tags.

I would shy away from your strategy only because showing viewers one thing and bots another is frowned upon. What's wrong with PPC visitors landing on your SEO pages?

Adding product options is usually best practice, like Hutch said.

Using canonical tags would be the next best thing. If you have Product A that has 6 colors and subsequently you have 6 pages for product A, I would create one page with a product description and product reviews. I would make that the canonical page. For the 6 subsequent pages I would create them to mirror the first page, but only have details specific to the color on that page. Then, add the Rel = Canonical tags to those 6 pages. All of the link juice and page authority will be pointed to the main product page.

The second thing I would do is add links to the specific pages with different colors to the content on the main page. This will help users find it easier and help with overall user experience.

So, it would look something like this:

Product A - Description, Reviews, Links to all versions of product A. Fully optimized page for Product A

Product A Colors 1 - 6, Add REL=Canonical tags with Product A as the Canonical. Include descriptions specific to the individual colors.  Using the canonical tags will tell the engines that your preferred page is Product A, which will help you control the negative effects of the duplicate content.

Did you recently have your site in maintenance mode? That is usually what the 503 code represents.

I think you have the jist of it. Ryan did a really good job of breaking it down and making what I was trying to say a little clearer. Without knowing specifically what your domain is I cannot tell you whether or not I think it is best practice. And at the end of the day, you have to make the decision that best suits your business and strategy. I only recommend, like Ryan said, using the name on your business cards and letterhead. Branding is very important.

The difference is web mentions vs Backlinks. If someone mentions your name, Blue Widgets Foundation, that is valuable in its own way, where as if you were using anchor text it would more likely be for a term you are trying to rank for, like a product or converting term. Not that you couldn't link to your name, because you can. Web Mentions are kind of how engines gauge the popularity of your brand name, and back linking is used to increase the rank of a particular key term and domain authority. Does that make sense?

So, it would be like saying "You can find household widgets (Backlink using key term) crafted by the Blue Widget Foundation (web mention - increases brand value and awareness)"