Hi there,
This is going to be a long response to answer so many questions but hopefully you will have your answers:
- Tiered Linking
While this is a regularly discussed topic in many SEO forums, I have personally found that link building using this method is more time and energy than it's worth. Think about it - Google is looking for a natural link profile. The question therefore becomes:
How do people naturally link web pages and content?
They link to interesting things and this linking process can be completely chaotic or follow a pattern. There really isn't a "best" way to create a link profile or structure since these things are always so random in the "real" world. If you send all links to your landing pages on the same day, this is obviously not natural. You want to spread out your incoming links across many days. They can be directed towards your landing pages, your home pages, or category pages depending on what you want to put the most emphasis on. Remember that link juice trickles down through your site from pages closer to your Home Page so linking to your Home page or category pages will create small improvements to your landing pages while linking only to your landing pages will create more authority for those pages without helping the rest of your website.
That's a choice you will have to make.
- How Many Backlinks Do I Need To Beat A Competitor?
This is an age-old question and one that isn't going away any time soon. Long story short, it's best to think in terms of authority, relevancy and metrics when contemplating links rather than sheer numbers. Start with a link audit of 3 of your competitors. Create a link report which showcases websites and domains which link to several (if not all) of them. This gives you a basic list of domains which have shown an inclination to link to domains that are in your niche. This is your link-building starter's list. After that, any domain you can get a link from which is relevant to your website's material and has decent metrics means you will be 1 step ahead of your competitors.
It's important to remember that there are other things out there which impact your rankings beyond your link profile. It's a significant chunk, but things like content, page load speed, responsiveness and on-site factors are equally important. Don't get caught up in your link profile - build links that you can from your link audit report. Anything after that is gravy.
In terms of indexing a page - that's not really your call. You can make a crawl request but Google will get to you in its own sweet time. Internally-linked pages will allow crawlers to get through your entire site, so don't worry - Google will index these links when it gets a chance. As far as indexing links goes - you don't really have a choice. In order for a link to exist on your link profile, it must be indexed. The time frame for this is typically 2-4 weeks. Be patient, it will happen.
- What Types of Link Building Should I Use?
The links you are describing are typically NoFollow links. These counts as links on your profile but they do not pass on much in the way of link juice. Regardless of the metrics, relevancy and authority of the website you generate the link from, this doesn't necessarily give you any benefits. Follow links are what you want to generate rankings, but you need NoFollow links in order to balance out your profile and make it look more natural.
In terms of social media marketing - if you are looking at purely SEO benefits, social media only has significance for rankings on the Local level. On a national level (I assume this is what you're working with), social media marketing functions as a traffic builder but does not confer SEO benefits. It may still be useful to you, but maybe not in the way you are imagining.
- Keyword Research
Chances are many of your keywords are related to each other. These are called LMI keywords and establish relevance for Google. For example, if I use the word "balls" as my keyword, it's unclear what type of ball I am specifically looking for. By adding "glove" or "bat" or "bases" it's clear I'm probably looking for baseballs. That is how Google establishes context. When it comes to your keywords, you probably want to keep them on your site and establish context for Google since this is becoming more prevalent as a ranking factor.
I would say you want to use long tail keywords as your "moneymakers" since specific queries typically suggest higher buying intent while large search terms are typically used for gathering information. You can implement both into your site to combine traffic and customers, but keep in mind that even with a 1st place ranking on SERP's, you will only be getting about 40-50% of those searchers into your website. This means you probably want to ensure that you are targeting keywords likely to convert, especially if you are putting this much effort into your link profile.
Hope this answers your questions and feel free to follow up with me. I'll help out as best I can.
Cheers and best of luck!
Rob