I'm no expert but I will start answering some of these. Anyone else feel free to make corrections or answer the ones I have not.
1. I am also an seo noob and after 2 months here is how i stand
54%-rank 4 (2.5 months)
63%-rank 20 (.75 months)
73%-rank 25 (.75 months)
i would say try a varied strategy short, medium, and long term goals. You never really know how the search engines will see your efforts.
2. On page optimization is the structure of your site/pages and how the page is well.... optimized for certain keywords. Things like load times are may have a minimal effect on your rankings but this doesn't really have anything to do with onsite optimization.
3. Self-cannibalization means you may have multiple pages competing for the same keywords. For instance If you have your home page pointing a link to your blog and to your resource page using the same anchor text, they are in direct competition for that term. When the google bot crawls your website it follows links around to find pages and when presented with, lets say 2 pages with the same target keywords, it will determine (instead of you dictating) which is more relevant. So to optimize the site correctly fix your links so that pages do not compete with each other for keywords.
4. Lables = keywords or tags. They categorize your posts according to certain words you want to associate with the post. Do they help directly with SEO, probably not but they can help your readers identify posts with certain words and find other related posts.
5. src= something.jpg">
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_attribute : Google doesn't read Images unless you put a description, I wouldn't stuff keywords in there but if your keyword describes the image then do it.
6. Which ever should be fine. From what I understand Google bot does not read images unless you give them alt text. So as long as your readers can view the images you should not have any problems.
7. You can start building links whenever, just make sure you don't go too crazy with the link velocity (rate at which you build links). Start off slow and build your way up. Is there a right amount of links I think this is debatable. I personally think as long as they are high quality you wont have issues as long as one day 1000 links don't just pop up pointing to one page with all exact match anchor text you'll be ok.
8. People say the web 2.0 links have been devalued because of things like link wheels. Google doesn't like duplicate content so it wouldn't be best practice, but they do get indexed and they do tend to carry high domain authority and can build up page rank. All I can say for sure is that my web 2.0 links show up in my Google Web Master tools so I continue to do them at a moderate rate.
9. It is a situationall thing. It depends on the site
10. I would do what is most natural. If you have good content, links will go to multiple places on your site.
11. This is spam. Google's recent update penalizes for spam commenting. I wouldn't do it too much or at all.
12. I don't think that has any SEO value.
13. It will not hurt if you have a well written Robot.txt file and sitemap. If you want to block specific pages you can do so in google webmaster tools.
14. http://help.yahoo.com/kb/index?locale=en_US&page=content&y=PROD_SRCH&id=SLN2210&impressions=true
Hope this helps. It may not all be correct so if anyone has anything to change feel free I'm just trying to get the ball rolling.