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Since all the research has already been accomplished, why not re-write the old articles (not spun) with a fresh outlook/viewpoint/call-to-action and have the best of both worlds...lots of quickly created content that you are not afraid of indexing?

This sort of thing happens all the time, and since I am in your niche, I might be interested.

Just be consistent and list the number you use most often.  For me that is my mobile number.

AuthorRank helps and the more G+ engagement you have, the better.  Here is an example: http://pandodaily.com/2013/01/07/how-google-author-rank-could-change-content-marketing-and-journalism/.   If nothing else, I would be more apt to click on a link if someone's photo was next to it.  Also, many are now getting their G+ post snippets to rank in the SERPs as well (Mark Traphagen comes to mind).

It looks like the dust is still settling from the "updates" Google was applying last week.  Some of my content has been dancing for the past few days as well.

Check out this resource for more information: http://www.seomoz.org/q/are-google-now-indexing-iframes

I am a fan of inbound.org because of its simplicity and often pop in at searchenginewatch.com because of the variety of content provided.

Experiencing similar issues from the latest refresh...just have to ride out the dance and see what transpires.

Have you tried running OpenSiteExplorer against the pages?  It would need to be done 1 page at a time but would show you the links going to that page.

Go with subdirectories over subdomains for the reasons already mentioned.  Also, a shorter URL is easier for consumers to remember so take that into consideration when coming up with your naming convention.

Never heard of them.  Why not just slowly build the links yourself and ensure they are quality and from the niche you are trying to rank for?

If your site is Wordpress driven you can load the "Broken Link Checker" Plugin.  It will show you on your dashboard exactly where the broken link is at and give you the option to either fix it or delete the link.

I have used both UBL and Getlisted with varied degrees of success.  If you can afford it, whitespark.ca would be my choice.