Open Site Explorer gives you what you need. If you have a PRO membership with Moz then you will have access to OSE. Alternatively, if you have access to Webmaster Tools then this will also show you a list of links to the website. I would recommend using both really because you will see that both tools give you different URL's that the other might not show up.

Why not spend your time and money on improving your own listings and content rather bidding on competitors names? The CTR is going to poor whatever you do because it isn't really what the customer is looking for.

Have you tried to spell it with "ae" rather than with the umlaut? So it will read Schallpegelmessgeraet. Not sure if Google Germany can read umlauts and I'm guessing with the problems you are having, they may not be able to.

Personally, a stay as far away as possible from it. Use your money on activities that are going to actually drive traffic. If the website has been penalised then there will be no benefit to get from the links, and I imagine those links are going to be very spammy.