For location pages, Facebook users can give the location a star rating on their page (if you visit the page, you should see it on the right hand column). Facebook will also prompt users to rate places they've visited in the right sidebar. I'm not aware of anywhere you can go to view the reviews, it just appears as a star review at the top of the page.

This a pretty confusing question, and the terminology you use is different from industry standard. Check out these links for a quick overview of how Google works:

• http://www.google.com/insidesearch/howsearchworks/thestory/
• http://www.googleguide.com/google_works.html

If you are just worried about changing a page's url, just be sure to put in a 301 redirect from the old page to the new page. That way, even if Google has an older version of the page indexed, it will automatically redirect the user to the new page as well as help Google discover the new location of the page.

Sticky posts can help if they contain content that's relevant to the keywords you're targeting. It's just a way to keep content on your homepage in Wordpress, Google will still see the fresh content you are producing.

Just because you create a new page and delete the old one, Google won't know immediately about it. So if Google crawls the new page before it's had a chance to crawl the old one, then it will indeed consider the new page to be duplicate content. Then when it tries to crawl the old page, it will discover that it no longer exists. However, as long as links to the old page exist, it will continue to try to crawl that page. Eventually it may de-index the old page if it keeps returning an error.

Bottom line, if you are moving content to a new URL, be sure to include a 301 redirect on the old page so that Google (and other search engines) know that the piece of content has moved. You can also do this with canonical tags, but 301s are more effective.

The discrepancy between noindexed/indexed pages is not in itself a problem. However having all those pages will present a challenge to Google, in terms of crawling. Even though the pages won't be indexed, Google will need to spend some of your limited crawl budget crawling all those pages.

Also, to recover from Panda it's necessary to not only noindex duplicate content, but improve your indexed content. That means things like consolidating similar pages into one page, writing unique content for your pages, and getting unique user-generated content such as reviews.

Google does limit the number of pages it crawls and indexes based on your PageRank. So if you don't have a lot of external links, then if you publish 10 articles a day they may not be crawled or indexed in a timely fashion. The higher the authority of your site, the more content Google will index, and sooner.

If you've been running your site for a while, I would recommend against changing your URL structure as 301s do result in some loss of link value, and you will likely see your rankings drop. The URLs you have now aren't bad, so I would focus on higher value activities such as link building. Ultimately, Google weighs offsite factors more highly than a few on-site tweaks.

It's best practice to put canonicals on every page of your site, so that Google never gets confused by things like URL parameters. This can usually be automated by most modern CMSs.

If you are talking about using a cookie-free subdomain, that can definitely have an impact on site speed:

http://developer.yahoo.com/performance/rules.html#cookie_free

Just using a subdomain won't have any benefit, and may even slow things down. Using a CDN for images and other components is usually the quickest and easiest solution for most sites.

Google won't actively penalize you for owning multiple domains, unless you are going out of your way to be spammy about it. However, you will need a lot more resources in terms of link building, social media promotion, content production, etc.

In general, the best practice from an SEO perspective is to have a single site with the all the content living in subdirectories of the domain. Subdomains are considered in many cases to be separate sites, so you would run into the same issues as having multiple domains.