Ryan,

I am assuming you have gone into Bing Webmaster Tools, but in case you have not, here is info re determining if a penalty exists:

Bing says:To determine if a penalty has completely blocked your site from the Bing index, log in to Bing Webmaster Tools, and review the messages to the webmaster on the Home tab. If no messages about penalties are found, select the registered site in question from the SITES list, and then review the Index Summary chart on the Dashboard tab. If the number of pages indexed has dropped down to zero, then your site has a severe index penalty levied against it. Note that Bing Webmaster Tools does not currently display the status of lesser index penalties. (NOTE: Italics above are mine)

On the chance you have been penalized, here is the link to reconsideration; Bing Support Re Reconsideration

I have not suffered a penalty on Bing and called a few friends and none have experience. Sorry I could not be more help.

David,
First, as to your last sentence, I am assuming you are redirecting 20 urls that are "not optimal" to 20 new urls that are optimized. Such that your example above is one and another would be http://www.dog.com/food to http://www.dog.com/organic-raw-dog-food, etc. for approximately 20 urls.

If these follow the best practices (301's url to url in the .htaccess file) you should have no issue with the change. Understand that if the "poor" url /toys is ranking number 8 on page 1 of Google, and you do the redirect, it does not mean that you will rank for /chew-toys in the same place. For a short while you will likely continue to rank and then likely will fall off quickly.

Your new page will gain the link juice but not the ranking of the old.

We do a lot of site redesigns to bring them to SEO and CRO standards and therefore use a lot of 301's to maintain PA and grow it. We typically see the juice move over two to three months or more in a gradual fashion. An example is a site that we transferred every url for in late Aug. had about 170 links to its home page. Two months later, when looking at the old url there were only a couple showing and the links were showing on the new. So, it will change but not overnight.

Hope this helps

No, there are too many open variables: age of pages, localization, keyword popularity, etc.

Edit: look at mozTrust of urls and domain mozTrust of various sites. This will show you that a + b is not equal to c.

hope it helps clarify.

Authority, You just named the issue. Changed from US to Europe. I am assuming the site is in English, what country are you targeting?

If US, and you changed to Europe, you would have had to go into GWMT and change language settings to EN-US. As a .com is not a ccTLD, and a server residing in Europe will be presumed to be targeting there, if you are not set up with GWMT as EN-US, your rankings will drop for a US search.

So, now, no matter what you are targeting, go into GWMT and go to site config, settings, language and choose the correct language config. Even if you are US and you are hosted in US, I urge you to insure this is done.

LMK