Virrtuo
Your question is very very broad so I will keep it very very general:
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Define the customer your client wants
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Define the query terms your client's customer searches on
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there will be high competition terms that need patience
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there will be lower competition terms that you should search for to get lower hanging (slower falling) fruit
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this is where you will analyze the keywords and pick what you believe to be the best starting point for them to find clients. Do not skimp on the time you allocate for this process. Make a decision on what you will use. (200 pages covering every term is not the way to start).
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Look at website as is and grade it based on
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Architecture
Is it built in a way that does not cause problems for indexing, Does it have too many internal links and ads, is on page SEO near perfect, does the navigation lend itself to easy movement for the searcher, does it have good content that speaks to the person coming to the site (does content = query), is the content fresh.
When I search on "staff leasing" for example and read the snippet on the SERP, do I read about how your client will solve my staff leasing problem or about what a great company they are (STAFF LEASING please)
- When I land on that page because of your stellar meta description, do I easily find the answer to my questions, am I compelled to contact you?, have you made it very simple for me to do that? If I do, are you sure you are tracking everything about that contact and your client will follow through on it (I spend 10% of our time on insuring the client followed through when developing business leads - it is important).
Wherever your client is, have you absolutely, positively, without a doubt maximized local for them? If not start now, no, I mean it stop reading and go do it now.
Now, if that is all in place and wired very tightly, I will begin to analyze results by looking at analytics, webmaster tools, campaign reports and deciding where I may need to strengthen pages, meta descriptions, etc. and where I need to put up others. I need to know that I am either moving a page up (and it is getting traffic) or not. If it is page 1 number one and no one goes there are converts there, there is a problem or two.
Assuming you have done all of this and you are beginning to get traction, see some leads, etc. you need to keep after it, when you find terms that don't work, you can quit bothering with them, change them, add a new page, etc.
Make sure your client is keeping you abreast as to their industry as they are the subject matter expert not you. They need to be told to write a blog or get someone to be the info giver to one of your copywriters, etc. They need to keep you appraised of every event they attend, convention, etc. you need to go grab those links.
Keep up with infographics, link bait, etc. BUT, if you get that first - prior to everything else, it will not matter. Get the first part first. Then the other.
Lastly, now to really help them, get up every morning an hour early and learn the potential impact of Schema, or the next pandanization, or etc. Read, study, question, etc. When you see someone ask a question on moz, take ten minutes and answer it, you will either do well, medium, or poorly. When you do well people will clap, when you do medium people will say, OK, when you do poorly people will correct you....and you will learn.
OK, very lastly, have fun, make some money, smile.