Internet Marketing Ninjas have bought a few forums in the past years, and kept them going. Webmasterworld.com is the most prevalent of these.  That was the forum that lead to the creation of Pubcon.

Those are good ways to add variant keyword links to those pages.

I would link "our agent" for "X Region."  We don't have exact values on how Google treats multiple links from one page to a single domain, but they have repeatedly said that there is a diminishing return.  So, limiting it to just two links will give you the majority of the value you would get anyways, and doesn't appear too spammy.

You would be better off doing your citation building manually.  That way you can ensure that the address doesn't get pushed out.  The citations that Moz utilizes are the main aggregates.  So, if an address get's put on one it will spread across a good portion of the internet.

Also, by not including a NAP onsite and in citations you will be hindering your sites ability to rank in the local results.  One of the big factors is the consistency of NAP across your website and other domains.  Not having it listed will put a wrench into this.  You have no choice, I totally understand that, but it is something to consider.

1. To answer your first question, it does count all the links.  However, there is a massive diminishing return for anything over 2 links on one site.  So, having 1,000 links from one site would not be beneficial.  Instead, have them change it so you get one link on their top two pages, and none anywhere else.  You can use Opensiteexplorer.org and the top landing pages tab to find which two pages to request a link from.

2. A sub-domain is a separate site, and would therefor have its own ranking ecosystem.  Even a www.abc.edu is a sub-domain of abc.edu.  So, getting a link from a sub-domain would be as beneficial, everything else being equal, as getting it from the root domain.   Just make sure it's just a link or two, and not site wide like you suggested you currently have.

This article talks about a website that received the Penguin penalty, and was able to start recovering by reducing the amount of site wide links: http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2180722/Google-Penguin-1.1-Pushed-Out-As-Some-Sites-Report-Recovery

"A) Remove all of the crap sitewide links, weird anchors first, B) continue building good links and C) take advantage of press by pinging Danny Sullivan to try and get it featured on SEL to get in front of Google. Obviously A) was not going to be completely possible so I was going for "remove most of your crappy links."

So, I do believe that site wide links are bad, and that it would be better to limit the number of links.  Also, here is a reference about the diminishing returns on several links from one domain: http://www.seomoz.org/blog/understanding-link-based-spam-analysis-techniques

"The first link from a domain carries the first vote and getting additional links from one particular domain will continue to increase the total value from a domain, but only to a point. Eventually inbound links from the same domain will continue to experience diminishing returns. Going from 1 link to 3 links from a domain will have more of an effect than 101 links to 103 links."

If it had a good reason to be there, and you had a decent link profile, then you are probably safe.  Even so, I'd say try to limit them to relevant pages.

The real question, though, is how much traffic is driving?  If it is driving a lot of good traffic that converts, then you pretty much have to leave it there.

Where's your server located?

Depends on how cute the cat is.

First off, duplication doesn't matter.  Hopefully your title and slug are about the same topic.

That being said, my goal for the title is to be catchy, and my goal for the slug is to succinctly reflect that.  A basic practice you can do is take the title, remove the stop words, and that's your title.  No need to use words like the, in, on or a in a link.  Just adds unnecessary dashes, and makes it longer.  There's always exceptions to this, but in general this is what I practice for good results.